Child Pschology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child Pschology - Essay Example However, for the ethics to be considered there are several dimensions that need to be considered. Each of these are based on the types of interactions which occur, ethical considerations associated with this and the unique situations that are associated with children in a given environment. Ethical Issues of Researchers The problems that arise with researchers are based on ethical considerations which occur as individuals are collecting data within a given field. As the data is collected, it becomes easy to change the perspectives of those that are studying while allowing the impact to alter with the study that is done. This raises ethical concerns for several reasons. The first is based on the impact that occurs when a researcher is on the scene. This can change the scenario of what is occurring. If the data is being collected by observation or interaction, then it may not be consistent with the expected results of those that are in the scene regularly. The ethical question then is concerned with how much a researcher can affect the outcomes of a given study and what the participation leads to. Personal changes, building relationships with others and interacting with the expectation to change things for the better while changing the data and the outcome of the research which is involved (Dennis, 2009, pg. 131). The concept of intervention as an ethical issue is one which can alter the data being collected on a variety of levels. This is dependent on the type of study conducted as well as the level of influence which occurs. The first is with interpersonal interventions, which is inclusive of creating relationships with other individuals involved in the study, specifically which is done with any interactions for the study and which is easily done with the study over a longer period of time. Administrative interventions are also considered, specifically which relates to individuals who have a sense of power over a given institution and which can begin to change or change the data within a given study. Enactment and modeling are also considered, both which are dependent on action based participation in the environment, all which specifically can lead to changed results within the environment. This may change the general way in which individuals would interact, may change the results of the study and questions the intention of finding relevant data without trying to alter the data for the research study (Dennis, 2009, pg. 132). The interventions which occur in research are not only important to note from the general changes which occur, but also the extent to which these can alter. When working with a general population, there may be the same responses which occur while changing only a few responses. However, when working with vulnerable populations or when seeking out answers or change with interpersonal relationships, it changes the data which is collected. There is a difference which occurs among the intervention types, specifically which can alter the data. If the population remains more vulnerable, then the integration of data can easily be manipulated with the researcher going in to make changes within a given society, as opposed to collecting the necessary data (Fisher, 1993, pg. 17). Ethical Issues with Children and Youth When a

Assessment and grading criteria Essay Example for Free

Assessment and grading criteria Essay Unit 1 – Fundamentals of Science Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: P1 outline the key features of the periodic table, atomic structure and chemical bonding M1brelate the key features of the periodic table to the conclusions drawn from the practical activities D1vexplain how standard solutions and titrations are prepared in industry P2vdemonstrate practically the ability to prepare chemical solutions and test their accuracy see more:analyse factors that contribute to the wellbeing of individuals Scenario: You are working as a scientist for ‘Edvisprog’ – a company producing visual aids for education. The team is currently working on a web-based program to help students understand the key features of the periodic table and information to guide students to help the teaching and understanding of the use of titrations. You have to produce word documents or powerpoint presentations that will provide the information for the web-based software. Remember: During this (and other assignments) credit cannot be given for a diagram  copied from the internet unless, (1) It is referenced and (2) You have interpreted the diagram in some way, for example, added your own labels or further described the concept conveyed in the diagram. Task 1 – Chemical Bonding and the Periodic Table In this task you have to describe atomic structure, outline the key features of the periodic table and describe chemical bonding Draw a diagram of a Calcium atom, label the key components of the atom. P1i The periodic table contains over 100 different elements in a specific order. Describe how the atoms in the periodic table are arranged. You will need to make reference to (a) groups, (b) periods, (c) metals and non-metals, (d) solids/liquids/gases. Choose three different elements and explain why each is in a particular group / period P1ii Ionic, covalent and hydrogen are the three main types of chemical bonding. Draw a series of diagrams, with explanations to outline the process involved in each type. P1iii Task 2 – Volumetric Analysis This task will require you to make a ‘Standard Solution’, this is a solution of known strength. You will make a solution of sodium carbonate. The strength of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is usually measured in moles. A one molar (1M) solution means one mole of substance (solute) per litre of solution. A mole is the molecular mass of a substance in grams. To calculate the molecular mass, the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecule need to be added together. For example, the sodium carbonate molecule consists of one atom each of sodium (Na), carbon (C), and oxygen (O). Their respective atomic weights are: Na 23,C 12 and O 16, so the molecular weight, is 23 + 23+ 12 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 106. Thus 106 grams of Na2CO3 equals one mole of Na2CO3, and a 1 molar solution of Na2CO3will contain 106 grams of Na2CO3chemical, per litre of water. Using all the safety measures required, make a ‘Standard Solution’ of sodium carbonate. It can be any strength you like (within reason!) but you must know the strength exactly. This part of the task will be assessed by the teacher. P2i You will now use your standard solution to calculate the strength of a sample of HCl (Hydrochloric Acid). Procedure†¦ 1. Rinse all equipment with distilled water 2. Using a pipette add 25 cm3 of Na2CO3 to a conical flask 3. Add 3 or 4 drops of phenolphthalein. The solution will turn pink. 4. Fill the burette with Hydrochloric acid. 5. Add acid to the alkali, note how much acid is needed to neutralise the sodium carbonate, the solution will turn clear (to the nearest 1cm3) 6. Repeat the experiment a further three times, this time being accurate to 0.1 cm3 7. Take the average of the acid needed (from the three experiments in the previous step). P2ii Calculate the strength of the acid using the following information†¦ Na2CO3 + HCl ïÆ'   NaHCO3 + NaCl At equilibrium: Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of HCl (as they react in a 1:1 ratio) Molarity of HCl (moles per litre) x Volume of HCl (litres) = Molarity of Na2CO3 (moles per litre) x Volume of Na2CO3 (litres) Molarity of HCl (moles per litre) = Molarity of Na2CO3 (moles per litre) x Volume of Na2CO3 (litres or ml) Volume of HCl (litres or ml) P2iii M1i Task 3 – Further Calculations This task requires you to further understand and describe the molecular changes from the previous experiment. The experiment reacted Na2CO3 with HCl to make NaCl and H2O. 1. Explain what makes HCl an acid/ 2. Explain what makes Na2CO3 an alkali, when dissolved in water? The diagram of Sodium carbonate may help you to explain this 3. Why does the hydrogen (H) form a positive ion in a hydrochloric acid solution? 4. When acids and alkalis react they form a salt, explain why a salt (in this case NaCl) is a very stable compound? 5. Explain why Sodium is in group 1, period 3 and Chlorine is in group 7, period 3. M1ii Explain in detail how you prepared your base solution, including the calculations. D1i Task 4 – Titrations in Industry Standard solutions are used in the chemical industry to measure and check the strength of chemicals. One particular example is the conversion of WVO (waste vegetable oil) into biofuel for diesel engines. The pH of WVO needs to be altered so it is approximately 8.5, which is the same as normal diesel. Explain how the pH of WVO is measured in an industrial setting and why the pH must be accurately determined. The following websites may be useful: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/biodiesel/a/bdtitration.htm D1ii Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Applied Science (Forensic Science)Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Unit 01 – Fundamentals of Science Assignment 01-01, Volumetric Analysis Unit 1 – Fundamentals of Science Assessment and grading criteria  To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the  pass criteria, the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: P1 outline the key features of the periodic table, atomic structure and chemical bonding M1  relate the key features of the periodic table to the conclusions drawn from the practical activities D1  explain how standard solutions and titrations are prepared in industry P2  demonstrate practically the ability to prepare chemical solutions and test their accuracy Marking Grid: Task 1 – Chemical Bonding and the Periodic Table P1i Labelled diagram of atom Yes / No P1ii Key features of periodic table Yes / No P1iii Key features of chemical bonding Yes / No Feedback: Task 2 – Volumetric Analysis P2i Experiment conducted safely Yes / No P2ii Basic results from experiment obtained Yes / No P2iii/M1i Molarity of HCl calculated Yes / No Feedback: Task 3 – Further Calculations M1ii Questions answered about acids, bases and the periodic table Yes / No D1i Explained how standard solution was made, including calculations Yes / No Feedback: Task 4 – Titrations in Industry D1ii Describe the titration of WVO and the subsequent implications Yes / No Feedback: Criteria Awarded: P1 P2 M1 D1 Date: Student Response to Feedback:Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 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The History and Composition of Great Musical Pieces :: Music Musicians Composers Essays

The History and Composition of Great Musical Pieces Music is the most intangible art form. You cannot grasp or hold it, as you can other art forms. It is there for a minute, and it vanishes as soon as the last chord fades away. The great works of music are timeless. They remain with us after all the instruments have been packed away and the players have all gone home, in our heads, playing over and over. We hear them everywhere from shopping malls to commercials, even after their composers have been dead for hundreds of years. However, as technology grows and our lives get seemingly busier in this new millennium, the appreciation for this amazing art form has waned considerably. With digital synthesizers and greedy producers, the music that makes people feel their true existence has vanished. And I, being a devote musician, have grown up with the desire to recreate such music, to give people the chance to get swept off the dance floor and evoke great emotion. In order to do so, I am exploring the history of great musical pieces, so th at the facts behind the composers’ melodies, and their process in creating masterpieces will be as timeless as the music they made. I began exploring the musical world in second grade, when I begrudgingly started piano lessons following in my older sister’s footsteps. What began as a struggle turned out to be an ongoing experience I find in both my exploration of piano and viola (started in 5th grade). I am not a prodigal player, and whether I am a talented composer remains to be seen, but I find unexpected yet comforting roots among the musical world. With each day I learn more about various composers and get to know them and their styles. From Mozart’s pure melodies, Beethoven’s harmonies, to Chopin’s ability to seamlessly modulate from key to key I find finesse, detail and ease. I am fascinated by their abilities to pull a melody out of thin air and embellish it. I feel that I am not the only one gripped by the music composers create; the whole human race enjoys listening to music, whether it is classical, jazz, rap or one of the many other forms of music the world has to offer toda y. Music has always been an integral part of human life. Not only has it followed us throughout our history, but it has its own history.

Kite Runner Essay Essay

Khaled Hosseini’s kite runner has many themes that are significant. This book also has themes that are hidden to the reader, to find these themes the reader needs to think about the events that occur in the book. In this book redemption, discrimination, and violence play a big role in the events in this book. Redemption is one of the most important themes in the kite runner. Throughout the story, Amir is trying to redeem himself because of many events that he was a part of. In the begging of the story Rahim Khan calls Amir and tells him â€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Page 2) Putting this in the first chapter of the story tells the reader many things about Amir, it could tell us that Amir has done many things that he regrets, or he has done things that caused pain to someone else. Amir’s mother dies when she is giving birth to him, throughout the story Amir tries many different things to redeem himself to his father. When Amir wins the kite competition he thinks that he would finally redeem himself for his mothers death. Amir thinks that he redeems himself because â€Å"A smile played down on my father’s lips. He opened his arms† (Page 79) When someone does this someone will automatically think that you redeemed yourself to that person. Another event that Amir does that he redeems himself for later is when he blackmails Hassan. Amir’s father gives him a watch and Amir decides to put it under Hassan’s pillow. Later when Amir’s father finds out that he took his watch he forgives him, but Ali (Hassan’s father) says that they make the decision to leave. To the near end of the book, when Amir goes back to Afghanistan, he receives a letter from Hassan. The letter tells him that he (Hassan) died, and that he has a son that it taken by the Taliban. Amir tells Farid (The person who takes Amir around in Afghanistan) about Sohrab, and he tells him â€Å"You have a visa to go to America, to life with me and my wife. It’s true. I promise† (Page 355) When Amir found out that he lost his best friend he went through a lot of trouble to get Sohrab. Amir could have avoided this if he did not frame Hassan. If Amir did not frame Hassan, Hassan and Ali could have fled the country with Amir and his father. This event has a big impact on the events in the story. Without these examples of redemption, it is hard to picture the book ending in the way that it did. Along with many other themes, discrimination is one of the less discussed themes in this book. In my opinion I think that discrimination should be a theme that should be as important as any other theme. Discrimination plays a big role in the kite runner because of the structure of the social classes. In the begging of the story we know that Hassan is Amir’s Hazara but later we know that he is Amir’s brother. When Amir won the kite competition Hassan went to get the winning the kite. Hours had passed and Hassan did not show up. Amir goes looking for him and he asks Omar (only involved in one paragraph) if he saw Hassan, Omar answers him by saying â€Å"Your Hazara?† (Page 68) without saying more than two sentences, we can see that people in the class with Hassan are treated with no respect and they are called Hazaras. Another event that happens when Hassan finally finds the kite that allowed Amir to win the competition he is surrounded by Assef and his gang. Assef is one of the biggest discriminators towards Hazaras as he is intimidating Hassan, he says, â€Å"A loyal Hazara, Loyal as a dog† (Page 72) When Hassan said this he could of compared Hassan to something else, but he picked a dog to show the most disrespect towards Hassan. In my own opinion I think that discrimination towards Hazaras in Kabul is horrible because they are treated as if they are a different race of people. Hazaras have the exact physical features as any average human being but they are treated like they are slaves. This is how discrimination, which is one of the themes that is not talked about a lot, is significant in this book. Violence is also one of the themes that are not discussed as much, violence should be because it is important and it is hidden. There are many examples that show violence in the book. One of the examples that show violence is when Hassan gets raped when Assef and his gang surround him. The author does not tell the reader that Hassan got raped but instead he makes Wali, one of the members of Assef’s gang, tell Assef â€Å"My father says it’s sinful† (Page 75) This is a indirect message to inform the reader that Hassan gets raped. This is one great example that violence plays a big role in the process of this book. Assef could of threated Hassan instead of raping him. In my opinion I think that he could not have done something that wasn’t related to violence. Assef wanted to have his revenge on Hassan but it was hard to do something that has nothing to do with violence. Later on in the book, when Amir and Hassan do not talk to each other after Hassan got raped for him over a kite. Hassan asked if he could go under the pomegranate tree and let Amir read a story for him. When Amir and Hassan were under the pomegranate tree, Hassan asked Amir what he was doing wrong so he could stop, Amir told him that Hassan should stand up for himself. Hassan did not answer and Amir started to throw pomegranates on Hassan, Amir then told him â€Å"Hit me back! Hit me back goddamn you† (Page 92) this is another great example that shows the violence that is included in the book. Hassan is the most loyal person in the book and Amir does not appreciate it; instead Amir wants Hassan to hit him with a pomegranate. When Hassan stands up, he then smears a pomegranate on his face and walks away. This is how violence plays a theme in the book. It is not as visible as the other themes in the book but it is as significant as the other themes. Redemption, discrimination, and violence are themes in Khaled Hosseini’s kite runner that play a big role in the book. Without these three themes it is hard to picture if the book would end up the way that it actually ended up being. Quotes and Information taken from â€Å"Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini

Related text to whose life is it anyway?

Related text to whose life Is it anyway? – Power and the Individual What Ideas of power are represented In â€Å"whose life Is It anyway† and the related tested material you have chosen and how does the related text link to the prescribe text? There are many Ideas and reasons why My Sisters keeper and whose life is It anyway have similar relations to the power and the individual.For one the battle of individual rights, Both Anna and Ken fight for their individual rights to their Body and life. Ken doesn't want to live anymore because he thinks there is no point as he can't do anything for himself and need nurse to help. Anna wants individual rights to her body because she doesn't want to be cut open and have needles stuck in her time after time if its not going to help her sister and her sister wants Anna to win her rights so she can die because she is in a lot of pain and can't take it anymore.Another reason is Power of Law Ken wishes to die and due to his medical stat us he is unable to make this happen, the power of law Influences his situation as he asks he doctors multiple times to kill but due to the law they are unable to do this. Anna's situation Is Influenced by the power of law as she Is a child & her parents are her legal guardians therefore giving them the power to make her decisions for her.She Is mature enough to make her own decisions but she is too young, she seeks to be medically released so she is able to have the choice. The power of physical strength is also another reason; Ken has no power of physical strength because he is a quadriplegic. Anna, as a child has less physical strength than her parents, therefore their power is stronger.

Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications Essays - Genodermatoses

Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications Essays - Genodermatoses Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications The National Institute of Health defines Neurofibromatoses as group genetic disorders that affects the development and growth of neural cell tissues. These disorders cause tumor growth in nerve tissues, skin changes, and in some cases bone deformities. Of the eight possible subtypes of Neurofibromatosis (NF) at least 85% are represented by NF Type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen or classic peripheral neurofibromatosis. It has a prevalence of about 1:4000 live births. An additional ten percent have NF Type 2, also known as acoustic or central neurofibromatosis and occurs in about 1:50,000 live births (Baskin 1). This paper will deal only with the more prevalent NF Type 1 and focus on the symptoms of the disease and biochemical aspects of the NF1 and the ethical implication of inherited genetic disorders. NF1 is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by multiple caf-au-lait spots, numerous fibromas, and Lisch nodules. Most manifestations appear during childhood and early adult life. Clinical criteria for diagnosing the disease must include two or more of the following symptoms: (1) six or more caf-au-lait spots larger that 5 mm in pre-pubescent individuals and greater than 15 mm is post-pubescent individuals, (2) two or more neurofibromas of any type or one plexiform neurofibroma, (3) axillary or inguinal freckling, (4) sphenoid bone dysplasia, (5) optic glioma, (6) Lisch nodules, and (7) a family history of NF1. Other manifestations include learning disabilities, epilepsy, mental retardation, scoliosis, gastrointestinal neurofibromas, pheochromacytomas, and renal artery stenosis (Goldman 2074). Caf-au-lait spots are pigmented macules of giant melanin granules seen in the basal layer of the epidermis and are distinguished by the presence of more DOPA-positive melanocytes than surrounding skin and a smooth border and light brown color of the macules. Neurofibromas are hamartomatous, a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site (Robbins 134), that are composed mostly of Schwann cells, but also contain fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages. Plexiform neurofibromatoas, large, multilobe pendulous masses, are more deeply situated in large nerves, usually involve the limbs, and are associated with hypertrophy of underlying soft tissues and bones. Lisch nodules, or iris harmartomas, are the most common manifestation of NF1. They are dome shaped, elevated, avascular, melanocytic nodules of the iris with a smooth shape and some translucency (Baskin 1-3). Neurofibromatosis Type I is an autosomal dominant disorder without predilection for sex, race, or color. It shows with complete penetrance with highly variable expression. The gene is located on chromosome 17q and the gene encompasses around 350 kilobases (Goldman 2074). The gene codes for the protein neurofibromine which resembles certain proteins that inactivate oncogenes (Hulsebos 620); thus lacking neurofibromine can lead to an increased disposition to cancer. Although the disorder is inherited, the spontaneous mutation rate is between 2.4 and 4.3 x 10-5 (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). A predominant paternal derivation suggests that the original mutation occurs in the mitotic divisions that take place during male gametogenesis but not during female gametogenesis. The NF1 gene can show a twelve kilobase deletion involving exons thirty-two through thirty-nine in some cases or a more severe deletion involving a 100 kilobase deletion from exon four near the five prime end of the gene to intron thirty-nine near the three prime end of the gene (nclb.nlm.nih.gov). There does not appear to be any correlation between particular genotypes and phenotypes (Goldman 2074). The sequence of the NF1 gene predicts 2,485 amino acids in the NF1 peptide. The peptide shows some similarity to human GTPase activating protein (GAP). This finding suggests that NF1 codes for a cytoplasmic GAP-like protein that interacts with proteins like the RAS gene product in the control of cell growth in. shows that the tumor suppressing activity of the NF1 protein negatively regulates p21 (RAS) and shows a positive growth role for RAS activity in NF1 tumors. The NF1 gene product neurofibromine contains a GTPase activating protein known as NF1 GRD that downregulates RAS by stimulating intrinsic GTPase. Since RAS and GTP are major regulator molecules in cell growth and differentiation, mutant neurofibromines resulting from somatic mutations in the NF1 gene might interfere with the RAS signaling pathway and thus contribute to the development of tumors (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). The probability of transmission of NF1 is 50% with each pregnancy,

Quick Review of Radioactivity and Radiation

Quick Review of Radioactivity and Radiation Unstable atomic nuclei will spontaneously decompose to form nuclei with higher stability. The decomposition process is called radioactivity. The energy and particles which are released during the decomposition process are called radiation. When unstable nuclei decompose in nature, the process is referred to as natural radioactivity. When the unstable nuclei are prepared in the laboratory, the decomposition is called induced radioactivity. There are three major types of natural radioactivity: Alpha Radiation Alpha radiation consists of a stream of positively charged particles, called alpha particles, which have an atomic mass of 4 and a charge of 2 (a helium nucleus). When an alpha particle is ejected from a nucleus, the mass number of the nucleus decreases by four units and the atomic number decreases by two units. For example: 23892U → 42He 23490Th The helium nucleus is the alpha particle. Beta Radiation Beta radiation is a stream of electrons, called beta particles. When a beta particle is ejected, a neutron in the nucleus is converted to a proton, so the mass number of the nucleus is unchanged, but the atomic number increases by one unit. For example: 23490 → 0-1e 23491Pa The electron is the beta particle. Gamma Radiation Gamma rays are high-energy photons with a very short wavelength (0.0005 to 0.1 nm). The emission of gamma radiation results from an energy change within the atomic nucleus. Gamma emission changes neither the atomic number nor the atomic mass. Alpha and beta emission are often accompanied by gamma emission, as an excited nucleus drops to a lower and more stable energy state. Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation also accompany induced radioactivity. Radioactive isotopes are prepared in the lab using bombardment reactions to convert a stable nucleus into one which is radioactive. Positron (a particle with the same mass as an electron, but a charge of 1 instead of -1) emission isnt observed in natural radioactivity, but it is a common mode of decay in induced radioactivity. Bombardment reactions can be used to produce very heavy elements, including many which dont occur in nature.

Hordes of People Shouldnt Hoard

Hordes of People Shouldnt Hoard Hordes of People Shouldnt Hoard Hordes of People Shouldnt Hoard By Maeve Maddox Jacob Marley wants some input on the uses of hoard vs horde: Perhaps you could take some time to enlighten us on the proper use of horde, hoard. For instance, [this statement from the writer of a software manual]: I wrote it as a response to the growing hoards of people This just sounds *wrong*. Yes, its wrong, but apparently hordes of writers dont know it. Pull In Hoards Of People To Your Venue Using Bluetooth Marketing you can be  on your way to an exponentially-growing network with hoards  of people begging you to join it! It was still a little early for the tulips, but unfortunately that didnt keep away the hoards of people. And before anyone puts all the blame on us unschooled Americans, heres an example from the UKs Independent: Lest the hoards of people queuing for the gruel be tempted to embrace the diet of the workhouse she was keen to point out its nutritional drawbacks. Here are some definitions from the OED. hoard: noun. An accumulation or collection of anything valuable hidden away or laid by for preservation or future use; a stock, store, esp. of money; a treasure. horde: A great company, esp. of the savage, uncivilized, or uncultivated; a gang, troop, crew. You can talk about hoards of gold or hoards of food, but when it comes to huge numbers of people, the word youre looking for is hordes.    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowDoes "Mr" Take a Period?20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Ethical Issues in Women's Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues in Women's Health - Essay Example The problems are known to originate from societal influences associated with cultural beliefs and implications with regard to ethics (Smith, 2009). The greatest influence is the well-known traditional power imbalance in women. Women are expected to provide care, love and respect to the society without questioning the behavior and the decisions made by men. Gender imbalance is known to be the main cause of domestic violence, sexual assault women have also faced reproductive problem issues and women living in apt poverty giving birth to, many children and lack financial support from men (Smith, 2009). Majority of women who are victims of gender imbalance in fear of reporting their problems to the right authority. Medical practitioners and nurses have had difficulties handling the problem of domestic violence (Grace, 2009). Another challenge experienced by women is the expectations women are required to deliver to the society. For instance, the society expects women to be mothers, careg ivers, professionals, wives and friends all at once. As women strive to balance these roles, they experience health difficulties thus jeopardizing with ethical expectations of the society. Sara’s case Sara is a 19-year-old pregnant girl who is in a dilemma about where to live to protect her fetus. Sara went to the healthcare for a checkup, and the nurse in charge noted some bruises. When Sara asked, confessed that her boyfriend who is responsible for the pregnancy abused her. Sara is currently living with her father and two siblings. Sara’s family suggested that she relocates to her mother’s place. In the past, Sara had a unhealthy relationship with her mother, and she is not comfortable living with her, in addition her boyfriend claimed that, if she relocates he will no longer be responsible for the her and the baby (Smith, 2009). Sara does not want to lose her boyfriend and the father of her child therefore, she is afraid of making the decision of relocation. Sara’s case is similar to many other cases facing a number of women globally. Ethical and legal considerations have to be taken into account, to help people like Sara. Many are times, when abused, pregnant women are unable to decide appropriately. The nurse in charge of Sara’s situation has to help Sara make the decision with regard to her situation (Smith, 2009). Sara can be practically considered to be a teenager and not capable of making a reasonable decision. Sara ought to be empowered first, because the abuse inflicted by her boyfriend are as a result of powerlessness, therefore; through empowerment she is going to be more informed and can make the decision that protects her and the fetus. The nurse in charge has to ensure the decision made must favor both Sara and the fetus. The decision to relocate may be suitable for the fetus but not for Sara emotionally (Smith, 2009). Nonetheless, the decision to remain may put the fetus at risk due to constant abuse from Sar a’s boyfriend. In addition, the boyfriend must also be involved in this case. He is responsible for putting Sara and the fetus at risk, talking to him and knowing what disturbs him will be crucial in taking care of the situation. If the boyfriend is reluctant change, his abusive ways the law can also be factored in the case (Grace, 2009). Even though, Sara may be reluctant about involving the law,

Analysis of an Article in a Microeconomics Viewpoint Essay

Analysis of an Article in a Microeconomics Viewpoint - Essay Example In the end of business organizations however, the increase will mean additional costs by business organizations. If this happens, this will be detrimental to the company and they will tend to compensate by cutting number of workers in order to maintain their original costs. Another issue is the economic viewpoint which is used in legislation. In the real world situation, changes in the economic policies should always be approved by government officials. As politicians have different viewpoints, it is often hard to pass bills and laws which will bring about drastic changes. The issue on minimum wage is always debated in all economies globally and not just in the United States. As the writer puts in the article, there are two sides of the coin which should be taken into consideration before the minimum wage could be raised. Through our class discussions, I have learned that minimum wage should be a matter of supply and demand. It is the least acceptable payment that an employee can accept while it is the highest which can be charged for a firm. For an employee, minimum wage should be able to cover up for the estimated productivity of the worker as well as the opportunity cost of his time. On the other hand, a company should make sure that the employee's output is worth his hourly payment.

Literature review of peer article review and questions Assignment

Literature review of peer article review and questions - Assignment Example As a result of this, it forms a basic need for the economic costs that diabetes imparts on the labor market to be quantified adequately. According to the study on the diabetes prevalence, it was found that almost one adult in every three have diabetes and this affects the productivity in absolute. By researching on this area, there are innumerable advantages that America will gain. First of all, the policy makers will be adequately informed such that they can come up with the proper regulations which can be effectively used to reduce the prevalence of diabetes and the burden that it imposes on the Country. All in all, this field needs extensive research to be conducted. This will not only help the government in the reduction of the costs incurred on drugs, but also improve the labor market in the country by ensuring that the working population of the country is in good health thus improving the productivity. This research will majorly affect the working population. Most of the persons in the working population are between the ages of 19 years and 55 years. The choice of this age bracket is inspired by various statistical evidences. According to a report by the National Diabetes Statistics report of 2014, there was an increased in the number of cases of pre-diabetes in young Americans aged twenty and older by a worrying 7 million from 79 million in 2010 to 86 million in 2012 (National Diabetes Org, 2014) . With the increasing cases of diabetes diagnosis every year, it is important that these people be evaluated with much more seriousness so as to reduce the significant effect that the diabetes is having on the working class in America. Most of the persons within the ages are in their reproductive ages, especially women. According to Healthline, there is increased risk of women who become pregnant to develop diabetes

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Essay Example According to the case study, China was an attractive location for Motorola company due to its large size, as such the company set out to enter the Chinese market through establishing an office for its products before the advent of mobile handsets. As mobile handsets began to gain popularity, Motorola concentrated on manufacturing the handsets and selling them in the Chinese market. This became a huge success amid China’s difficult social and political environment. Motorola became a market leader in the Chinese handset market by early 2000s. This success can be owed to the company’s understanding of the market as well as the needs of the people. However, due to high demand of mobile phones, other companies started to manufacture and sell mobile phones and as such reduced Motorola’s market share. This is why analysts showed scepticism in the continued dominance of Motorola in the Chinese market. Globalisation is the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies in a way that is enables individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world further, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). The main motivation behind Motorola’s entry in to the Chinese market in the late 1980’s was due to stiff competition the company was experiencing at home. There was need to look for business elsewhere other than America. The market had become saturated and the cost of production was going higher, therefore making less sales and profits. The best solution was to shift some of its manufacturing facility to China. This was an untapped market with a lot of potential for the products Motorola was manufacturing and selling. Motorola therefore established an office that represented its products in 1987 and employed over 600 people to sell the products. The case study says that later in early 1990’s, Motorola China electronics was opened as well

History of Modern Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History of Modern Architecture - Essay Example The postmodern structures aimed seeking meaning and expression various architectural techniques, styles, forms. In order to meet with the aims, the postmodern architecture had to reject the strict rules of the modernism movement. On the other hand the modern structures were purely based on a thrifty use of material and other aspects of postmodern architectures like ornamentation, were absent (Curtis, 1987). The functionalism of modernism movement was dull and unattractive. It compelled the postmodern architects to focus on the communicating meaning; therefore, they start quoting historic traditions of architecture and merging it with modern designing creating new meaning. The revival of columns in structures is a common example, widely practiced throughout the world. This revival was to meet the aesthetical need but to fulfill a technological requirement. Similarly, Prairie home concept was based on designing structures that match humanity and the environment. Frank Lloyd Wright was the leader of this movement, and he named this philosophy organic evolution. Prairie house plan is sweeping horizontal lines and wide open floor plans. Furthermore, the concept of Prairie is characterized with central chimney, one-story projection, and numerous small windows. His ‘Falling water’ is considered as the best example of organic architecture (Curtis, 1987). Postmodernist architecture has evolved from modernism, incorporating traditional ways of architecture through modern technology and innovations. Contrary to a formalism of the International Style of modernism, the postmodernist architecture is based traditional wit, ornamental and reference. In other words the formal styles and functional way developed during modernism is replaced by styles, collide, a form is used. Hence, postmodern architecture revitalized the centuries old traditional

Rephrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rephrase - Essay Example This paper aims at establishing a valid relationship between the levels of productivity in UAE’s organisations vis-Ã  -vis the levels of Knowledge Management, Organizational Trust, Creativity and Innovation in those organisations. With the advent of globalisation, the worldwide market has witnessed an increased degree of diversity in terms of products and services. The 21st century has come across a myriad range of the expectations and preferences of the consumers. This diversity has also found a parallel reflection in the workforce of today’s organisations. The modern organisations showcase a widely diverse workforce with respect to age, gender, nationality, education and experience. The knowledge or intellectual capital of the workforce is a powerful and precious asset to the organisation. It is a magical tool not only for maintaining sustainability but also for gaining a competitive advantage. In today’s competitive age, merely the information regarding products or services is not enough to surpass competitors. Such knowledge and information has to be upgraded and enhanced time and again depending upon the market situation. The workforce needs to show flexibility and creativity in the applica tion of their share of knowledge. The organisations need to adapt to the changing market scenario. This is where the role of knowledge management comes in. It assists organisations by helping them in polishing their strengths and overcoming their weaknesses through idea generation and subsequent effective implementation of those ideas. But to lead the competition, knowledge alone is not sufficient. It needs to be complemented by other elements such as interpersonal trust, creativity and innovation in using that knowledge. This paper looks forward to studying the interplay of Knowledge Management, Organizational Trust, Creativity and Innovation and their contribution in the productivity of organizations in UAE. By playing a vital role in the working of all

History of Modern Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History of Modern Architecture - Essay Example The postmodern structures aimed seeking meaning and expression various architectural techniques, styles, forms. In order to meet with the aims, the postmodern architecture had to reject the strict rules of the modernism movement. On the other hand the modern structures were purely based on a thrifty use of material and other aspects of postmodern architectures like ornamentation, were absent (Curtis, 1987). The functionalism of modernism movement was dull and unattractive. It compelled the postmodern architects to focus on the communicating meaning; therefore, they start quoting historic traditions of architecture and merging it with modern designing creating new meaning. The revival of columns in structures is a common example, widely practiced throughout the world. This revival was to meet the aesthetical need but to fulfill a technological requirement. Similarly, Prairie home concept was based on designing structures that match humanity and the environment. Frank Lloyd Wright was the leader of this movement, and he named this philosophy organic evolution. Prairie house plan is sweeping horizontal lines and wide open floor plans. Furthermore, the concept of Prairie is characterized with central chimney, one-story projection, and numerous small windows. His ‘Falling water’ is considered as the best example of organic architecture (Curtis, 1987). Postmodernist architecture has evolved from modernism, incorporating traditional ways of architecture through modern technology and innovations. Contrary to a formalism of the International Style of modernism, the postmodernist architecture is based traditional wit, ornamental and reference. In other words the formal styles and functional way developed during modernism is replaced by styles, collide, a form is used. Hence, postmodern architecture revitalized the centuries old traditional

Core Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Core Reflection - Essay Example For some, a passing grade is suffice while others must maintain a certain grade point average. Champlain College integrates two distinct approaches to traditional academics and these two approaches are with a liberal studies program and interdisciplinary teaching and learning. In addition, the purpose of liberal study and general education is a rich experience that combines academic strictness, self-exploration, and global and local awareness. It is important to be in Core class because we are able to take what we learn in class and are able to apply it to what we want for our future. Every student will gain something different from each class and that is true of Core class. Each of us are able to look at our own interests and view things in ways that perhaps were instilled in us in our environment before becoming a student at Champlain. Through student and faculty discussions, we are able to see things in a whole new way and look at the world with different perspectives. We might think that we have a certain job that we are focused on doing and through the self-exploration, we find ourselves soul-searching to see if we can really identify with the objectives of a particular career. Without a Core class, we are able to pinpoint more closely what our objectives are at Champlain so we can meet the goals we have set for ourselves as students. I have been studying Core classes since last summer and some of them are enjoyable but a few of them are not. Because I am transfer student, I had to take Summer Bridge which is COR-130 and it was over a period of six weeks. This really was not too bad, however, I had to learn a lot of information and material in a short period of time compared to a regular semester course. In Core 200 level courses, there are several available options of courses. Unfortunately, there were not many that satisfied my interests so I felt like I was taking random classes and courses and

Police Officer Job Description Essay Example for Free

Police Officer Job Description Essay Police officers in cooperation with the general public are in front line to fight and prevent criminal activities. The officers respond to the needs of the people in the community. With the use of technology, the officers should be able to gather enough information that can help in the prosecution of offenders. The police officer is required to carry out some specific duties as directed by the shift sergeant, as a way of maintaining and enforcing laws. The officer has to investigate complaints, ensure order is maintained, help people, and identify criminals. Identifying problems associated with enforcing law, conflict resolution, and assisting the public whenever need be are also part of the officer’s duties. You will also be called to carry out some activities that require physique such as containing violent people or animals, and be able to run fast when responding to distress calls. The supervision for the officers is carried out in a general form (Higher Education Careers Professionals, 2008). Essential duties As an officer, there are essential duties you have to perform, but there are other duties that you might be required to carry out as well. The main duties include detecting and apprehending those who act against the laws. The officer will be required to take necessary steps incase of physical hazards and law breaking activities by criminals. You are also required to take necessary actions whenever there are distress and emergence calls (LS/TB/JO, 2006). While on shift, you will be required to carry out investigations on issues that might occur during the period, and come up with the best action to take. As an officer, you have to reassure the community of their safety by ensuring frequent presence. In all these, you will be required to write a report indicating all activities that took place while on shift. Finally, you have to complete a departmental report that will have to be forwarded to the relevant authorities (Higher Education Careers Professionals, 2008). Minor duties may include; carrying out a review on reports about the incidences occurring while on duty, giving testimony about such incidences, and finally, you will be required to carry out any duty assigned by the supervisor. Education, Ability and Skills Applicants must be at least high school graduates, but priority will be given to college graduates. The applicants should not be less than 21 years of age. The applicants should exhibit the ability to identify problems and come up with sound solutions from analyzing all the available alternatives. In case of unexpected situations, you should show the ability to respond very quickly and swiftly. There are different working conditions which you must have the ability to work in all of them. In case of emergency, you must have the ability to work with the patrol car, and must be able to get in and out of it easily. There is a physical and agility test that all the applicants must be able to pass during their graduation. With the increased technological use, you need to have knowledge of computer usage and cameras. Applicants must be able to communicate fluently both verbally and written means, to the departmental members and the entire public (LS/TB/JO, 2006). In general, the duties of the police expose the officers to the challenging tasks and diverse activities. After serving as a police officer for sometime, one is entitled to rise to the other specialized areas like the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

Point of View and Theme in Heart of Darkness Essay example -- Heart Da

Point of View and Theme in Heart of Darkness       In Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness the story of Marlow, an Englishman travelling physically up an unnamed river in Africa and psychologically into the human possibility, is related to the reader through several narrational voices. The primary first-person narrator is an Englishman aboard the yawl, the 'Nellie', who relates the story as it is told to him by Marlow. Within Marlow's narrative are several instances when Marlow relies upon others, such as the Russian, the brickmaker and the Manager at the central station, for information. Therefore, through complicated narrational structure resulting from the polyphonous account, Conrad can already represent to the reader the theme of the shifting nature of reality. As each narrator relates what is important to them, the audience must realise that each voice edits, absents information and is affected by their own experiences and the culture and ideology within which they judge and respond. Therefore the text reveals itself as non-essentialist. It is also seen through the narratorial voices, who are all significantly European males, although challenging the received view of imperial praxis as glorious and daring, a racist and patriarchal text, which eventually, through Marlow's own assimilation of the ideology of his time, reinscribes and replicates that which it attempts to criticise:   European action in Africa.       Marlow quickly interrogates colonialism through his statement:    "The conquest of the world which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much."    So that t... ...hrough the confident and mediating narrative account the reader receives through Marlow and the unnamed First narration Conrad is able to interrogate the theme of the corruption and economic motivations behind colonids praxis in the novel Heart of Darkness. It is, however, unconsciously, also made clear that this text, its narrator and its author are products of their time and ideology, as it consistantly represents characters and situations in racist and patriarchal terms, so that the reader is also aware of the Eurocentric and ethnocentric themes running through the novella.    Bibliography    Conrad, J.   Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Group.   1995    Cole, David W., and Kenneth B. Grant. "Conrad's Heart of Darkness." The Explicator 54.1 1995.    Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad: Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York: Page, 1966.   

Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants :: Research Papers Essays

Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants The rising shortage of donor organs has led scientists to genetically engineer animals that will produce organs suitable for transplant into humans. Pigs are well suited to the procedure because their organs are similar in size to a human’s, and they breed prolifically. Human genes are inserted into the pig's DNA. The method most often used is microinjecting the genes directly into the nuclei of the fertilized eggs. The gene integrates itself into the animal’s genetic code at a single site, though multiple integrations are known to occur. If the gene fails to integrate before the later stages of cell cleavage in the embryo’s development, some cells will not carry the transgene. This is known as mosaicism. The genes being inserted produce human decay accelerating factor (hDAF). This protein is found in human organs, and it prevents the body’s immune system from attacking the organ. Previous xenotransplants or organ donation among different species resulted in what is termed hyperacute rejection. The rejection of the organ occurred within minutes, which is too fast to be prevented by the immune suppressant drugs used in human to human organ transplants. Pigs that undergo the genetic engineering procedure are known as founders, and are bred to produce more transgenic pigs. The resulting litters have to be homozygous for the transgene to produce the high levels of hDAF required for transplantable organs. Lines can be produced from homozygous founders, or by crossing heterozygous founders from different lines to produce â€Å"jigsaw pigs†. All pigs are tested to verify that they are homozygous for the transgene using florescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Transplants of transgenic pig organs into primates such as monkeys and baboons have shown success. Further testing will have to be conducted before xenotransplants are approved for humans, however. Researchers are worried that porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) may be transmitted to humans by the transplants. Pig DNA contains sections with virus-like qualities, and it has been proven these retroviruses can infect human cells. Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants :: Research Papers Essays Transgenic Pigs for Organ Transplants The rising shortage of donor organs has led scientists to genetically engineer animals that will produce organs suitable for transplant into humans. Pigs are well suited to the procedure because their organs are similar in size to a human’s, and they breed prolifically. Human genes are inserted into the pig's DNA. The method most often used is microinjecting the genes directly into the nuclei of the fertilized eggs. The gene integrates itself into the animal’s genetic code at a single site, though multiple integrations are known to occur. If the gene fails to integrate before the later stages of cell cleavage in the embryo’s development, some cells will not carry the transgene. This is known as mosaicism. The genes being inserted produce human decay accelerating factor (hDAF). This protein is found in human organs, and it prevents the body’s immune system from attacking the organ. Previous xenotransplants or organ donation among different species resulted in what is termed hyperacute rejection. The rejection of the organ occurred within minutes, which is too fast to be prevented by the immune suppressant drugs used in human to human organ transplants. Pigs that undergo the genetic engineering procedure are known as founders, and are bred to produce more transgenic pigs. The resulting litters have to be homozygous for the transgene to produce the high levels of hDAF required for transplantable organs. Lines can be produced from homozygous founders, or by crossing heterozygous founders from different lines to produce â€Å"jigsaw pigs†. All pigs are tested to verify that they are homozygous for the transgene using florescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Transplants of transgenic pig organs into primates such as monkeys and baboons have shown success. Further testing will have to be conducted before xenotransplants are approved for humans, however. Researchers are worried that porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) may be transmitted to humans by the transplants. Pig DNA contains sections with virus-like qualities, and it has been proven these retroviruses can infect human cells.

Effects of Early Marriage Essay

This chapter consist of Introduction, Background of the Study, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study and Definition of Terms. Introduction Marriage is considered as one of the greatest part of a couple’s life. Things that shall be cherish and treasure by a wedded partners. Considering the new, civilized and liberated nation, it was well known in this country that early marriage is considered as a controversial subject matter. Early marriage affects the person involved in it in many psychological and social ways. There were possibilities that the couple who were married at their young age struggles in facing the hardships and difficulties of life without learning and knowing what a married life was. It is considerable that this wedded couple were not yet ready to face the difficulties of what married life was. Background of the Study Early marriage or child marriage refers to a marriage wherein the persons involved were not on their exact ages of a marriageable couple, it is frequently and often before puberty. In some cases only one marriage-partner is a child and they were usually females. And in some worst cases the females were actually pregnant that they consider marriage as a solution. At some point the females involved in early marriage were already physically and psychologically abuse by the time they were engage on that early marriage. In this study the researchers wanted to inform any other people that this issue early marriage is a serious case that people shall know. The researchers involved themselves to people who were actually married at their young ages, people who were not yet married and people who were engaged about the topic. EVALUATION SHEET Name: _____________ Age: ___Gender: ________ Classification: (please check) Student: ___ Wife: ___ Husband: ___ Directions: Check the box which correspond your answer. 1.Do you prefer to be married at a young age? YesNo 2.On what age you wanted to be married? ______________ 3.Do you already have a husband/wife? YesNo 4.Are you officially married? YesNo 5.What age did you married your partner? ______________ 6.Are you forced to marry your partner? Yes No 7.Are you prepared to have a family? Yes No 8.Have you been abuse by your partner? YesNo 9.What abusive acts have you experience from your partner? ___________________________________ Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study was represented in a form of a schematic diagram: IV DV Frame I Frame II Frame I: Independent variable wherein it consists of early marriage or child marriage. Frame II: Dependent variables wherein it consist of the causes of why people engage themselves to early marriage or child marriage. It consist of dependent variables that will cause a person to be married at a young age. Statement of the Problem Who will be badly affected by early marriage? Hypothesis The researchers came upon the hypothesis that the women or females involve in early marriage were the ones that will suffer from the effects of early marriage. Early marriage This study was made to inform and to give about early marriage and its effects to the partners involved. Future Researchers This study can be use as a source of data and information for future related researches. Scope and Limitations This is a study that has limited data and information about early marriage. The data gathered in this study came and evaluated from (20) wedded housewives (20) wedded husbands (5) single female student/s (5) single male student/s. Thus the process and preparation on this study must be carefully discussed for the others to be informed well. This study is not intended to bother or harm other person involved in a family that was engaged in an early marriage like their child/children thus this study was made to just inform those people what early marriage really was. This study used evaluation sheets to evaluate what really were the effects of early marriage in a couple, in a student. Definition of Terms Early marriage/child marriage: it is a matrimony wherein it is given to those children even though they were not in their marriageable ages.

Exploring a Communication in Arabic Lingua Culture Essay

Conversation is the most basic form of communication and human beings rely on conversation to exchange information and maintain social relationships (Gardner 1994: 97). Human interactions rely on conversation for simple chatting as well as work related tasks, political discussions and educational decisions (Gardner 1994: 98). Conversation is at the heart of the human ability to interact with one another in everyday life. Communicative events typically involve definable boundaries and a joint effort at interaction (Orr 2008: 317). A communicative event that occurs within its social boundaries becomes an engagement between two people (Orr 2008: 317). In other words, a communicative event between two friends results in an engagement that has meaning to both parties involved. In contrast, a communicative event that is between two strangers, such as a shopper and salesperson, cannot be considered an engagement because when the encounter is over it holds no meaning to those involved (Orr 2008: 317). Further, a communicative event is only successful when both parties involved contribute to the process of understanding as the conversation takes place (Aune, Levine, Park, Asada, & Banas 2005: 358). In a communicative event between friends, each friend is responsible for contributing something to the conversation that will make the interaction meaningful for both people. When both friends are not contributing to the communicative event equally, then the encounter fails to have meaning and makes the person who is contributing view his or her friend negatively (Aune, et al 2005: 358). An analysis of a communicative event that occurred between two friends in Saudi Arabia is offered. This analysis includes a discussion of the eleven components that Saville-Troike identifies. The Communicative Event Cultural analysis is an important part of discussing linguistics and communication. However, linguistics is not typically associated with a cultural analysis even though the conversation styles and traditions of different cultures are an essential component to communicative events (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). In fact, there is a very close link between culture and the lexicon of the language spoken as part of that culture. This is why many cultures rely on special words for important aspects of their culture such as food (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). Additionally, many cultures, such as the Arabic culture, rely on special greetings and phrases as part of their communicative events. These special greetings and phrases add depth to the communicative events and allow them to have meaning to the people involved. The conversation analyzed for this paper occurred between two friends and included a special greeting as well as common phrases used in Saudi Arabian culture. These components of the communicative event allowed the interaction to mean something to the two friends and resulted in positive feelings from both. The definition of a communicative event and a consideration to cultural differences is particularly useful for language teachers because it gives them insight into the importance of specific aspects of communicative events that differ across cultural boundaries. Language teachers are most successful when they are able to incorporate aspects of native language into new language acquisition. Changing the way that language teachers instruct is a constant part of the job of language teachers (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). At the same time, it is important that a language teacher give students the tools necessary for learner autonomy, understanding the social nature of learning, the ability for curricular integration, a focus on meaning, attention to diversity, thinking skills, assessment and utilizing the teacher as a co learner (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). These eight skills are essential for language teachers to implement in order to allow students to rely on their native language while also learning a new language. Further, sensitivity to cultural differences in language style will allow the language teacher to provide students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful communicative events. At the same time, language teachers cannot choose to only implement one or two of these components. They are all necessary components to successful language instruction. Classroom language instruction is an important part of the job of a language teacher. However, the type of language instruction has an impact on how well students acquire language skills (Spada 1987: 137). A study of three separate language classrooms over a period of sixty observation hours shows that students are sensitive to the communicative orientation of new language acquisition (Spada 1987: 137). The reason behind this observation is the different communicative styles utilized by different cultures. For example, the special greeting and phrases used the in conversation to be analyzed here differ from the style of communication in other cultures. Therefore, sensitivity to different communicative styles may result in better instruction and higher levels of learning. The ability to improve in the speaking, listening and discourse areas of language learning seem to be related to classroom instruction style (Spada 1987: 137). When a language teacher begins to work with a specific location, the first step is to study the community that will make up the instructional population. This is important so the language teacher is able to gather important information about the social organization and important aspects of the culture in order to relate that information to the culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). At the same time, it is important for language teachers to discover the way that native speakers structure their communicative events in order to gain insight into the importance of different communication components important to that specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). Ultimately, the goal of a language teacher would be to make many careful and thorough observations of native speakers engaging in a variety of different communicative events so a complete understanding of communication can be gathered. Once this job is completed the language teacher should be able to model communicative events after the communicative events of native speakers (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). To this end, Saville-Troike introduces eleven components that will each be commented on as they relate to the communicative example used in this paper: type of event, topic, purpose or function, setting, key, participants, message form, message content, act sequence, rules for interaction and norms for interaction (1989: 138). Type of Event, Topic, Purpose and Setting The type of event, topic, purpose and setting make up the scene of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). The type of event analyzed is an informal conversation between two university friends who have not seen or spoken to one another for a week. The topic of the conversation is the time that has gone by without speaking or seeing one another and includes a discussion about why so much time has passed as well as plans to spend time together in the near future. The purpose of the communicative event is time for the friends to catch up with one another and make plans to engage in further conversation. Finally, the setting for the communicative event is Abha City in the Southern Province of Saudi Arabia. These four components of this specific communicative event make up the whole scene. While only the setting can be directly observed, the type of event, the topic and the purpose of this communicative event are equally as important for gathering information about the cultural aspects of Arabic linguistics and conversation style (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). Further cultural information can be obtained by observing the traditions and customs of a specific culture with regards to communication. This communicative event occurred between two friends and included the special greeting, â€Å"Peace be upon you† and â€Å"peace be upon you too. † This greeting is an essential aspect of Arabic communicative events and means that there is goodwill among the two friends. If this greeting would have been omitted from the conversation it would indicate that the friends were angry with one another. When analyzing components of a communicative event that are not directly visible it is important to be watching for important information regarding the sacred nature of communication and what that looks like for different cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). For example, in this communicative event between two friends, an observer cannot see what the type of event or what the purpose of the event is. However, listening to the conversation and watching for customs and traditions provides valuable insight into the nature of cultural differences and what is important (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). These observations will allow an observer to discover what is sacred to a culture with regards to communication as well as what types of beliefs are important to them. Further, an observer can learn what behaviors are unacceptable, what the purpose of particular behaviors are and see external signs of participation in ritual parts of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). Key The key of a communicative event is introduced in order to provide the tone, manner or spirit of the encounter (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). This can take the form of teasing versus seriously discussing something, being sincere versus sarcastic, being friendly versus hostile or being sympathetic versus threatening (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). The type of key that is present in a communicate event relies on the type of relationship the people involved in conversation have. In this case, the communicative event was informal, but respectful and was a sincere and friendly exchange between two friends. However, if the conversation took a sarcastic key, the sarcasm would have overridden the sincerity of the interaction thus making the conversation far less meaningful than it was (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). In this way, the strongest key takes center stage and is determined by who the participants of the communicate event are, what their relationship as well as the nature of the conversation. Further, the key of the communicative event may be determined through the use of nonverbal cues in addition to the dialogue. For example, if one person winks at the other this may suggest some teasing during the conversation while a stiff posture may indicate that a serious conversation is occurring (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). Observing the communicative event that is analyzed here, the nonverbal cues may have included changes in facial expression when the friends began to discuss why one friend had been to busy to spend time with friends. Watching these facial expressions would lend insight into how serious or friendly the communicative event really was. Participants The participants are the most important component of a communicative event. Without participants, conversation would never happen. The participants in this communicative event were two young male university friends. The absence of females indicates the nature of gender roles in the Saudi Arabian culture. In the Arabic culture, males are not permitted to meet with females and are only allowed to converse with other males. This information provides important information regarding the role relationship of conversation in Saudi Arabia as well as information about sex and social status (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). The absence of females provides a great deal of information about the Arabic culture. It shows what the rights of each member of society are as well as the attitudes, expectations and behaviors toward others. It also shows who has authority over whom (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). This communicative event shows that males are the dominant gender in Saudi Arabian culture and this prevents them from openly conversing with females. Further, it gives insight into the attitudes, expectations and behaviors expected from males versus females. Finally, the culture dictates the formality or informality of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). This exchange between two young male friends was informal as compared to a conversation that may take place between a young Arab male and an older Arab male. In other words, the participants engaging in conversation have a direct influence over the nature of the communicate event and dictate what type of interaction will take place. Message Form Message form, message content and act sequence are determined by various social, cultural and situational constraints on communicative behavior. Each of these components can be presented vocally or non vocally (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). Many cultures rely on non vocal sounds to represent meaning in conversation and these make up the message form. These vocal and non vocal sounds make up the verbal and non verbal components of conversation style. For example, the verbal vocal relationship includes spoken language while the non verbal vocal relationship includes such things as laughter. Similarly, the non vocal verbal relationship is comprised of such things as written language or sign language while the non vocal non verbal relationship includes such things as silence and eye behavior (Saville-Troike 1989: 145). Although these different aspects of language vary across cultures, they are important aspects of any communication style. This communicative event example used here relies on these different relationships in order to allow the participants to engage in a conversation that has meaning to both parties. The two friends engaged in the verbal vocal relationship simply by exchanging spoken dialogue. At the same time, they engaged in the non verbal vocal relationship by relying on laughter to become part of their conversation. They also relied on the non vocal verbal relationship through the use of hand gestures and facial expressions that lent support to the nature of the conversation and also injected meaning into the exchange. Finally, the two friends showed the non vocal non verbal relationship through their use of appropriate silences and eye contact while speaking to one another. Message Content The message content is closely related to message form and cannot be separated for appropriate analysis to occur (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). Message content refers to what communicative acts are about and what meaning they hold. The dialogue and silences of a communicate event make up the message form while the meaning and implications derived from the communicative event make up the message content (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The overall meaning of a communicate event rely on the verbal and non verbal messages being exchanged. However, meaning is also derived from extra linguistic context as well as information and expectations participants bring to the conversation (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The physical content of a communicative event is important because it lends additional information to the exchange that allows for enhanced meaning. In this way, people who do not even speak the same language are often able to find meaning in their exchange simply be relying on physical objects or other outside influences that inject meaning without words (Saville-Troike 1989: 151). Whatever type of physical objects, outside influences or even hand gestures that are used during a communicative event it is important that they convey meaning and allow for a successful conversation. The example of a conversation used here was successful because the two friends understood the location they were in as well as the gestures each person used during the course of the communicative event. Act Sequence The act sequence component of a communicative event includes information about the ordering of the conversation. This is evident through the appropriate initiation of conversation by one person and the following of that initiation by the other person (Saville-Troike 1989: 152 – 153). The example provided here is a good example of appropriate initiation. One of the young men starts the conversation by saying, â€Å"peace be upon you† and the other man responded with, â€Å"peace be upon you too. † In Saudi Arabian culture this is an important greeting and indicates friendship and goodwill at the start of a conversation. Eliminating this greeting would suggest anger and would upset the natural ordering of conversations in Arabic culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 153). Regular patterns and recurring events are important cultural component of communicative events. When participants follow these patterns and recurring events it suggests that the nature of conversations is important and sacred within a culture. Further, the types of patterns that emerge from these patterns and recurring events allow for comparison across cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 153 – 154). The conversation between the two young Arabic students followed a natural progression and provided important insight into the nature of communicative events in Arabic culture. Rules for Interaction The rules of interaction dictate an explanation for the rules of speech which are applicable to communicative event in a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). These rules refer to the way that the participants in the conversation are expected to behave based on the values of their culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Again, the special greeting at the start of this conversation is one example of an expectation for behavior. In Arabic culture, this is the standard greeting that comes at the beginning of a communicative event and Arabic males are expected to make use of it. These rules may not necessarily be dictated by law but are used based on values that are important within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Arabic law does not require this greeting at the start of a conversation, but the values and beliefs of the Arabic culture make the greeting an expectation. Further, the use of this greeting indicates the role of turn taking in conversation within the Arabic culture. The initial greeting is followed by a follow up greeting which allows the participants to take turns greeting one another and starting a conversation. At the same time, turn taking is important in this example of a communicative event because it allows each young man to have a turn speaking while the other young man listens. This injects meaning into the conversation because the interaction relies on listening skills as well as speaking skills to get the point across (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Norms of Interpretation Norms of interpretation are important because they provide all of the other information about the culture. These are essential for the overall understanding of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). For example, the different types of speech must be analyzed in order to fully understand cultural differences within a conversation. This example of the communicative event used here includes the use of the phrase, â€Å"old man. † In some cultures this may a derogatory phrase but is included in this example to show respect. In Arabic culture using the term â€Å"old man† shows respect for one’s elders and the young men use it in reference to one of their fathers. The understanding that this phrase shows respect is well known within the Arabic culture so it becomes a norm of conversation that is acceptable (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Conclusion The development of communicative competence cannot take place without a relationship among these eleven components (Lock 1983: 253). Contexts rely on cultural information in order to provide an interplay of conversation as well as the self concepts of the participants and social structure acceptable within a society (Lock 1983: 253). A relationship among these eleven components can lead to successful communicative competence based on the cultural implications of language and how this relates to self concept and social structure (Lock 1983: 253). This can be directly applied to the language teacher because communicative competence is a cornerstone of successful language acquisition (Lee 2006: 349). Further, successful communicative events are only possible if a language teacher is able to blend the cultural components of the native language with the cultural components of the new language (Holliday 1997: 212). Therefore, an understanding of communicative competence is an essential part of successful language instruction (Lee 2006: 349). Communicative competence is the part of language knowledge that dictates which communicative system to use (Stalker 1989: 182). When the communicative system chosen is spoken language or conversation it is important to connect the goals and context of the situation in order to have a meaningful communicative event (Stalker 1989: 182). A basic understanding of what communication abilities are necessary for successful conversation within a specific culture is necessary to function adequately in society (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185). Therefore, the eleven components applied to a specific conversation example provide evidence and insight into the importance of language teachers enabling students to gain the knowledge the learning necessary in order to successfully participate in communicative encounters (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185; Gardner 1994: 104). To this end, it is important to provide students with knowledge pertaining to the use of key words within a particular culture (Wierzbicka 1997: 6) as well as analyze the importance of the relationship between the eleven components of language (Saville-Troike 1989: 156). Finally, the overall outcome of communication is to discover the unique events and recurring patterns within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). This can only be done through careful observation and analysis of communicative events within a particular culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). Aune, R. K. ; Levine, T. R. ; Park, H. ; Asada, K. K. ; & Banas, J. A. 2005. Tests of a theory of communicative responsibility. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24 (4): 358 – 381. Gardner, R. 1994. Conversation analysis: some thoughts on it applicability to applied linguistics. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Series S (11): 97 – 118. Holliday, A. 1997. Six lessons: cultural continuity in communicative language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 1 (3): 212 – 238. Jacobs, G. M. & Farrell, T. S. C. 2003. Understanding and implementing the CLT paradigm. RELC Journal, 34 (1): 5 – 30. Lee, Y. 2006. Towards respectification of communicative competence: condition of L2 instruction or its objective? Applied Linguistics, 27 (3): 349 – 376. Lock, A. 1983. Communicative contexts and communicative competence. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2 (2-3-4): 253 – 266. Orr, W. W. R. 2008. ‘Prospecting an encounter’ as a communicative event. Discourse Studies, 10 (3): 317 – 339. Saville-Troike, M. 1989, ‘The analysis of communicative events’, in The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 107-180. Spada, N. M.1987. Relationships between instructional differences and learning outcomes: a process-product study of communicative language teaching. Applied Linguistics, 8 (2): 137 – 161. Stalker, J. C. 1989. Communicative competence, pragmatic functions, and accommodation. Applied Linguistics, 10 (2): 182 – 193. Wiemann, J. M. & Backlund, P. 1980. Current theory and research in communicative competence. Review of Educational Research, 50 (1): 185 – 199. Wierzbicka, A. 1997, ‘Introduction’, in Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-31.

Alcoholism and Domestic Violence

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is unfortunately a widespread ailment which spans people of all age groups and socioeconomic levels. The health risks of this disease, and alcoholism is a disease, are as widespread as the individuals who contract it. In addition to these health risks, alcoholism is also an influencing factor in another problem plaguing societies, domestic violence. Thus, alcohol and anger create a sometimes fatal combination.Alcoholism is a disease which can be described by degree. Alcohol dependence describes individuals who have developed a â€Å"maladaptive pattern† of alcohol consumption which is characterized by a developing alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or hangovers, and the inability to stop drinking. It doesn’t stop there People with alcohol dependence may progress to alcohol abuse which can significantly interfere with their social lives, their work or their interpersonal relationships.In addition, this abuse can also cau se a host of related issues including â€Å"major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any drug use disorder,schizophrenia, and suicide† (Cargiulo 2007). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), drinking up to 14 drinks in a week for men or seven drinks per week as a woman could indicate alcohol dependence. In addition, the NIAAA estimates that up to nearly 18 million Americans could be considered alcoholics (Lauer 2006).Despite the many mental and physiological problems that are associated with alcoholism, some of the most frightening are the health problems associated with the brain. Evidence exists that shows the damage that alcohol consumption does to the brain. Brain imaging studies have revealed that people with alcoholism have significant differences in parts of their brains than those without alcoholism. The brain volume is reduced in alcoholics as wel l as the blood flow to the brain.The reduced blood flow has been linked to a lowering of inhibitions and memory, impaired cognitive function in general and even damage to the corpus callosum (Cargiulo 2007). These problems can lead to long term brain damage. Lesions in the brain form in those with long term patterns of alcohol abuse. This can translate into Korsakoff’s disease which is characterized by motor impairment and thinking impairments which can affect a person’s ability to care for himself. In the end, the individual may have to be cared for institutionally.Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain. As the disease progresses to chronic status, the brain cells begin to adapt to the alcohol that seems to reside permanently in the brain. As a result, the brain becomes reliant on the alcohol to work. If alcohol is removed, the symptoms of withdrawal take longer and longer to subside. Ultimately, the brain tissue will rebel, in a way, and the withdrawal sy mptoms can be severe, even fatal. Once the cells in the brain die, they cannot be regenerated (Shoemaker 2003). These effects seem to affect males to a greater degree than females.This fact can be explained by differences in drinking patters, choice of alcoholic drinks, rate of alcohol metabolism and the protective effects of hormones such as estrogen (de Bruin, 2005) As such, alcohol dependency and abuse is three times more prominent in men as it is in women even though evidence suggests that for both genders, the numbers are underreported (Cargiulo 2007). As if the physical effects on the body were not bad enough, the behaviors of individuals who are addicted to alcohol are also quite dangerous.The drinkers find themselves to be less inhibited and more willing to engage in risky behaviors. Many of these behaviors can be characterized as aggressive and violent. One of the worst that researchers find among alcoholics is domestic violence or intimate partner violence (IPV). The Acade my of Domestic Violence has defined domestic violence as â€Å"a deliberate pattern of abusive tactics used by one partner in an intimate relationship to obtain and maintain power and control over the other person† which includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional and economic abuses (Niolon 2004)The types of domestic violence have been organized by Dr. Richard Niolon (2004). He identifies one type as common couple violence which occurs in one or two isolated incidences over the course of the couples’ relationship. Though painful at the time, this type is not usually seen as a recurring pattern of abuse and control. The second type is identified by Niolon (2004) as intimate terrorism in which violence is used as a means of manipulation and control relatively regularly.Mutual violent control occurs more often when both the male and the female fight each other, and dysphoric-borderline violence is indicative of a dependent, emotional fragile individual who resort s to violence as a last resort. This type of violence often occurs when the abused person in the relationship snaps and lashes out violently against the other partner or when a new set of circumstances radically increases the frustration levels of one of the partners in the relationship, and he or she lashes out as a result of this new situation (Niolon 2004).These stages of violence typically follow a predictable cycle. The first stage of this cycle is a calm period in which tension slowly builds. Minor incidents may occur in this stage which can continue for various periods of time. The second stage is the one in which the abuser seems to explode and actually engage in the violence. Outside parties may have to intervene to stop the onslaught. The third states is called the honeymoon stage because the abuser will show distinct remorse for his actions, apologize profusely, and even shower the abused with gifts and affection, even promises.Unfortunately, the abused is likely to forgi ve the abuser at this point. (Niolon 2004). Risk factors for IPV include lower educational levels, lower income and/or employment levels, and, of course, alcohol misuse (Jeyaseelan, 2004). Sadly, alcohol and IPV often do go hand in hand. Not surprising, the most common locations for IPV to occur is in the home and at bars. According to interviews with abused wives, men were much more likely to have been drinking during the attacks than not.When the abusive husbands were interviewed, they reported to have had at least six drinks before the onset of the violence (Quigley and Leonard, 2004/2005). Thus the concurrence of alcoholism and IPV is shown. When drinking, a dangerous combination of increased aggression and reduced inhibition lead to these batterings. Many studies support this problem, which again seems to afflict more men than women. Quigley and Leonard (2004/2005) recount a study by Kaufman, Kantor and Straus in 1990 which found that the husbands heavy drinking was associated with husband on wife violence.Further studies show that a husband who drinks early in marriage is more prone to IPV later in marriage, and husbands who drink heavily before marriage are more likely to be violent toward their wives in the very first year of marriage (Quigley and Leonard, 2004/2005). In addition, these authors cite Caetano in noting that there are racial differences involved in IPC. They note that â€Å"nineteen percent of European American husbands and 24 percent of Hispanic husbands who drank at least five drinks a week committed IPV, as opposed to 40 percent of African American husbands who drank† (Quigley and Leonard, 2004/2005).This has harrowing implications for women of all races, particularly African American women. Galvani (2004) gives several possible reasons why this may be true. Physiological theories argue that ethanol, the drug in alcohol increase aggression biologically. A theory known as Disinhibition Theory notes the earlier link between alcoho l and cognitive function, specifically the portion of the brain mentioned above that regulates levels if inhibition. The Deviance Disavowal theory argues that the abusers use alcohol as a reason for their behavior and consciously drinks so that they can blame the alcohol for their actions.Social Learning theories explain that people will act in a way based on their experiences around others. Therefore, parents and societal expectations can lead to alcoholic abuse and abusive behaviors (Galvani, 2004). Both alcoholism and IPV are scourges upon society, creating physical and mental damage. When these are combined, their effects are even stronger and more widespread. With hope, individuals who find themselves in these situations will soon seek help to avoid permanent tragedy. References Cargiulo, T. (2007).Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64: S1-S17 De Bruin, EA. (2005) Does alcohol intake relate to brain volume loss? The Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application 24 (7): 5-6 Galvani, S. (2004). Responsible disinhibition: Alcohol, men and violence to women. Addiction Research & Theory 12 (4): 357-371 Jeyaseelan, L et al. (2004). World studies of abuse in the family environment – risk factors for physical intimate partner violence.Injury Control & Safety Promotion 11 (2): 117-124. Lauer, CS. (2006). When drinking turns serious. Modern Healthcare 36 (16): 22 Niolan, R. (2004). Types and Cycles of Domestic Violence. Retrieved 1 May 207 from http://www. psychpage. com/learning/index. html Quigley, BM & Leonard, KE. (2004/2005). Alcohol Use and Violence Among Young Adults. Alcohol Research & Health 28 (4): 191-194 Shoemaker, W. (2003). Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain. Nutritional Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal 88: 3-8 .

Global business investment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global business investment - Coursework Example Because of this reason, exchange rates analyzed, watched and manipulated economic measures by the government. Exchange rates are also useful when examined on a smaller scale: they influence the real return of the portfolio of an investor. There are several factors that affect exchange rates. Before we examine these factors, it is important to look at how exchange rate affects the trading relationships between countries. A lower currency is considered to make exports of a country cheaper and imports expensive in the foreign markets. A higher currency is considered to make exports of a country expensive and imports cheaper in the foreign markets. Hence, a lower rate of exchange will increase the balance of trade of a country while a higher rate of exchange is expected to lower it. There are several factors that have influence on exchange rates, and they are associated with the trading relationship between countries on a global level known as internationalization or globalization (Hill 2012). It is significant to understand that exchange rates are expressed as a comparison of two currencies from two countries. It is also significant to understand that these factors cannot be discussed in a specific order; similar to numerous aspects of economics, the significance of these factors is usually subjected to discussion. The following are discussed determinants that influence exchange rate between countries. Exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation are all highly correlated. Central banks in manipulating interest rates can exert influence on both exchange rates and inflation, and altering interest rates influence currency and inflation values. Interest rates that are high offer lenders high return in an economy relative to other countries. For this reason, interest rates that are high attract a huge amount of foreign capital and result in a rise in the exchange rate. For instance, if the United Kingdom rates rise in relation to elsewhere, it becomes